The Viking "drakkar" and the Kozak "chaika"

Replica Longboat 'Viking' 

Continuing my exploration of parallels in Irish and Ukrainian culture, I come to yet another connection, a connection that both Ireland and Ukraine had with Vikings. Vikings? 

The Vikings sailed down the rivers of central Europe to found Kievan Rus, the name of the territory and people who populated the region now known as Ukraine. The brothers Kiy, Schek and Khoryv with their sister Lybid founded Kyiv, what is now the capital of Ukraine. 

Vikings also sailed to Ireland and founded settlements along the shores including Dublin and Galway. Dublin is the capital of Ireland. So both Ukraine and Ireland assimilated Vikings and their ways. 

It makes sense then that Viking longboats called drakkar visited both Ukraine and Ireland. And the vessels in Ukraine used by the Kozaks on the Dnipro river and out to the Black Sea were very reminiscent of Viking longboats. They were called chaika. I found an article by Ihor Lysyj that compares the two designs in Ukrainian Weekly.  

The Viking drakkar was 71 feet long, 16 feet wide, with 15 pairs of oars and a nailed-down deck. It was planked using the clinker design, with slightly overlapping oak boards nailed together. The Kozaks chaikas were built about 60 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 12 feet deep. Moreover, they were clinker-built and usually equipped with 10 to 15 oars on each side. Both could carry sails. 

Illustration of a Zaporozhian cossack "chaika" boat (warship of Ukraіnian Cossacks in 16-17th c.) from Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan's book "Description of Ukraine" 1660

Schematic drawing of a longship construction representing the Sebbe Als ship. It is a reconstructed snekke from Denmark. Steen Weile, Notmark, Denmark.

Both images found in Wikimedia. 

Viking longboats have been found on the lochs of Ireland, particularly Loch Corrib near Galway which had a Viking Settlement. It may be that the 12 boats identified in Loch Corrib, aside from the one Bronze Age vessel carved from a single tree also found there, were actually being built in Ireland although no records are known. Ireland had already adopted the currach boat sailed by St Brendan. It was made by stretching animal hides over a wooden frame. The currachs were also rowed and sailed. The early Christians had to arrive in Ireland by boat so the design of the currach must have been Roman or evolved from similar designs in the British Isles. 

Saint Brendan the Navigator is said to have sailed a currach from Ireland to North America, grounding along the way on what was determined later to be a whale. Tim Severin recreated that voyage and wrote about the experience in The Brendan Voyage, proving it was possible. Tim passed away just last January 2021 in Cork. RIP. 

The wren boys and Malanka

The Wren Boys 

by Jack B. Yeats

The wren, the wren, the king of all birds, 

Saint Stephen's day, she was caught in a furze, 

Up with the kettle, and down with the pan, 

Give me some money to bury the wren." 

#Ireland

It's been a long time since I posted anything here. I feel like I am getting further away from my Ukrainian roots as I have no one to speak or reminisce with. So I'll post here some observations about holiday traditions that I've noticed have similar roots in Ireland and Ukraine. 

In Ireland, we celebrate three days of Christmas: Christmas Eve, Christmas Day, and St Stephen's Day.  Christmas Day is the big one in Ireland, whereas Christmas Eve is the big one in Ukrainian tradition. Ukrainians celebrate with a twelve-course meatless meal, except it includes fish of course. We used to celebrate Christmas by the Julian calendar on the 7th of January, but most of the Catholics switched to the Gregorian calendar. The Orthodox still use the Julian calendar. As we are in Ireland now and Alex's mother is German, we celebrate German Christmas on the 24th, Irish Christmas on the 25th and Ukrainian Christmas on the 7th. I know it's complicated, but we only give presents once. We really should have given presents on the feast of St Nicolas.

The feast of St Nicolas, the patron saint of sailors, is observed on 6 December in Western Christian countries, and on 19 December in Eastern Christian countries using the old church calendar. It is the feast day of Nicholas of Myra with emphasis on his reputation as a bearer of gifts. That's when gifts were given to all the good children, but the bad children received a lump of coal or a switch with which they'd be spanked. Saint Nicholas' Collegiate Church, founded in 1320, is the largest medieval parish church in Ireland; Christopher Columbus is said to have prayed there in 1477 and Cromwell's men desecrated it in 1652. It is magnificent and in the heart of old Galway. 

We also celebrate Malanka (Маланка, or "Shchedryi vechіr"/"Щедрий Вечір") a folk holiday celebrated on 13 January, which is New Year's Eve in accordance with the Julian calendar. We never did change that one. It is still celebrated on the 13th of January with lavish balls. 

There’s a Ukrainian folksong that you know. Except that you don’t know that it’s Ukrainian and a folksong. The enchanting music that became known to the world as 'Carol of the Bells' with lyrics penned by Peter J. Wilhousky was actually composed by Ukrainian musician Mykola Leontovych in 1904, based on a Ukrainian folk song. Carol of the Bells is for many an irreplaceable symbol of Christmas. It wasn't a Christmas song at all but a folk song associated with Schedriy Vechir or Malanka. It promised that if you spotted a swallow on this day, you'd soon have lots of money. The musical rhythm is representative of the flight of a small bird not that of bells. 

Few know that not only is this originally a Ukrainian folksong but a folksong that was performed one hundred years ago all over Europe and the Americas in Ukraine’s first-ever cultural diplomacy project. It's about a small bird like a wren or a swallow. The fledgeling Ukrainian National Republic sent the group Ukrainian Republic A Capella on a worldwide tour in a bid to promote Ukrainian culture around the world and preserve the statehood of the country – and ended up giving a timeless gift of Ukrainian music to the world. 

People dressed up in straw costumes to celebrate Malanka. Sound familiar? The wren boys dressed up in straw costumes and went door to door reciting the wren verse to get money. There are many parallels between Ukrainian and Irish customs and history. I'll try to continue to point them out. 

Learn more here: Carol of the Bells & the fight for national dignity. Lessons from the history of the Ukrainian National Republic.  It's curious that the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1921 paralleled the Irish War of Independence from 1916-1921, except that Ireland succeeded whereas Ukraine failed. 

Lyrics to Schedryk

Щедрик щедрик, щедрiвочка,

прилeтiла ластiвочка,

стала собi щебетати,

господаря викликати:

"Вийди, вийди, господарю,

подивися на кошару,

там овечки покотились,

а ягнички народились.

В тебе товар весь хороший,

будеш мати мiрку грошей,

В тебе товар весь хороший,

будеш мати мiрку грошей,

хоч не грошей, то полова:

в тебе жiнка чорноброва."

Щедрик щедрик, щедрiвочка,

прилeтiла ластiвочка.

Curiously, having grown up in Philadelphia, we enjoyed the rather wacky Mummer's Parade on New Year's Day. There, bands dressed in outlandish costumes paraded up Broad Street playing mostly banjos in my youth. The Mummers in Sligo wear straw. The costumes in Philly have become extraordinarily ornate. 

Mummers in Philly

Mummers in Sligo

What was good about Ukraine in 2019

It's easy to lament what might have been in Ukraine with a change of direction in 2019 that ended up mired in global politics. Somehow I think bringing Ukraine to the global stage will end up having been a pivotal moment for the country. But while we're at it, let's celebrate some of the successes that most people don't know about. Euromaidan Press brings up 10 positive trends that took hold in 2019.

1.  Economic growth of 3.5%
2.  Strength of the Hryvnia and reserves
3.  Trade growth and EU alignment
4.  Record grain harvest
5.  Salary growth
6.  Tourism boom
7.  Strengthening of road infrastructure
8.  Cultural boom
9.  National self-confidence
10. The people's satisfaction with the overall direction of the country


http://euromaidanpress.com/2020/01/21/10-successes-of-ukraine-in-2019-you-dont-know-about-but-should/?fbclid=IwAR1L-9QZfpySQ_E1vN689l_SrzOliFtm31e0OTdQnj6HW8TRxGx9HkxoVd8

Ukraine amidst global controversies

How is it possible for Ukraine, until recently relatively silent and unknown on the world stage, to suddenly become so embroiled in multiple incidents garnering global scrutiny and attention? The most recent incident is the downing of Ukrainian Airlines Boeing 737 bound for Kyiv in Iran shortly after Iran sent missiles into Iraq targetting US military bases in response to the US assassination of an Iranian general. It appears the plane was shot down by Iranian missiles. The Iranian missiles were probably supplied by Russia, who, in 2014, shot down a Malaysia Airlines jet over eastern Ukraine.

While Ukraine is at the centre of attention of the US impeachment trial of Donald Trump, Russia is gaining power in the Middle East whereas the US appears to be losing ground. It's all about to go to hell in a handbasket. And somehow, Ukraine ends up in the middle again. Poor President Zelensky. I'm sure if he'd have written the script this way for his TV show Servant of the People, it wouldn't have been believable.

Bill Taylor Leaves Kiev

Another one bites the dust. Bill Taylor, the top US diplomat in Ukraine, leaves his post after less than six months. He knew it was a temporary assignment, especially after giving testimony against Trump in the impeachment hearings. But still, the unrest continues. Now that Trump is 'wagging the dog' with Iraq/Iran, Pelosi is holding up the impeachment trial in the Senate, and America on the brink of war, anything can happen. What a mess!

https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/02/politics/bill-taylor-leaves-post-kiev/index.html

Zelensky's rock and hard places

I feel so bad for Volodymyr Zelensky. Six months into his tenure as President of Ukraine, he is a changed man. At the centre of the US House impeachment hearings, he finds himself embroiled in controversies not of his doing, stuck in the middle between Trump and Putin. He has no chance to succeed. Ukraine has no chance to win the battles.

Yet, he has secured the release of a batch of prisoners who are suing Russia over torture. And he's made the cover of Time magazine in a year when Trump was only shown in caricature. His story was so hopeful. The comedian turned President who made a TV show come to real life. I hope he can endure.

Refugees

Being a child of immigrant refugees, I am acutely concerned with the issues around immigration reform in the US and the EU. Being an immigrant myself, having moved from the US to Ireland, I have a degree of understanding of what it takes to pick up and leave, though not under duress. Trump's rhetoric and rants are particularly distressing and divisive. But someone posted this poem by Brian Bilston called Refugees. It hit on something I've always said. There's no truth, only a point of view.

Read the poem and think about refugees. Not colonists like the British who devastated the Native American population or the conquistadors who decimated the Maya and Inca, or the European missionaries and fortune hunters who enslaved Africans. Think about all those who fled oppression to give their children a chance to survive and thrive. They didn't choose to leave like I did. They had to leave. I do not condone illegal immigration and all those who simply overstay their visas and break the laws of the countries they adopt. I do support the belief that anyone can be an American. I am a citizen of Ireland, but I can never be Irish; yet I will always remain American.